Bromates (Potassium Bromate and Sodium Bromate)

EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

0.010 mg/L

EPA Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)

Zero

Effects

• Possible Carcinogen
• Toxic

Treatment

• No Recommended Treatment

Bromates (including potassium bromate and sodium bromate) are chemical compounds used in chemical manufacturing and textile dyes. Potassium bromate is a food additive, added to some bleached flours to strengthen dough and promote rising during baking, where it is usually broken down to less hazardous bromide. It's also used in beer production. Sodium bromate is used in the extraction of gold from ore.

Bromates are not normally present in water, but can form in small amounts during water treatment involving ozonation, depending on concentrations of bromade, organic matter, pH and water temperature.

Health Effects of Bromates

Acute exposure to large amounts of bromates can lead to symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal irritation, diarhea, kidney failure and hearing loss. A third of the few reported cases of acute bromate poisoning have resulted in death.

Bromates have been shown to cause cancer in animal studies, but human studies are limited, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifying potassium bromate as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.”

Water Treatment for Bromates

After formation, bromates are difficult to remove from water. Instead, the World Health Organization recommends preventative methods during ozonation, such as pre-treatment and regulation of pH and temperature.